PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Fall 2008

Dr. Christine A. James

PHIL 3200 A Philosophy of Science MW 2:00pm-3:15pm WH 104 CRN 80770

This syllabus is available online, and may be updated, at http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/PHILOSOPHYOFSCIENCEFall2008.htm

Office: 110 Ashley Hall

Office Hours: TR 9:15am-11:00am, MW 3:15pm-4:45pm and after classes and by appointment as needed.

Telephone: 259-7609

Mailbox: Philosophy Department Office

Fax: 259-5011

E-mail address: chjames@valdosta.edu

Course content: This course provides an introduction to the specialization in philosophy called philosophy of science. Students will gain an understanding of a variety of perspectives on science: Does the history of science progress in a predictable, linear, regular way, or not? Is scientific knowledge as “objective” or “justified” as it claims to be? Our readings come from various approaches and two separate texts, each with their own perspective on science as a social and historical phenomenon. This is a reading intensive course, so it will require you to read, think about, and write about a considerable amount of material.

Requirements: Class participation and attendance, two written examinations, two papers, various WebCT Vista assignments and discussions. Pop Reading Quizzes may also be given during the semester.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Philosophy courses at Valdosta State University contribute to the VSU General Education Outcomes listed at the link below, with special emphasis on numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8.

http://www.valdosta.edu/academic/VSUGeneralEducationOutcomes.shtml

The Learning Outcomes for PHIL 3200 are:

1. To understand the distinctions among the various approaches to philosophy of science, including positivism, post-modern theory, and the historical nature of science.

2. To recognize how philosophical inquiry applies to ‘real-world’ circumstances and to specific case studies in the history of science.

3. To become conversant with the history of philosophy of science, as well as specific examples of the formation of the community of scholars who study science, and the role of social interaction in how scientists and philosophers of science view their work.

4. To recognize and define different world views, adopting a reasonably viable one and justifying it in a philosophically informed way that emphasizes critical reasoning and argument.

5. To demonstrate the ability to discuss, in both oral and written discourse, the philosophical issues explored in the course.

6. To be familiar with what academic philosophy is, and to understand how it can be applied to daily life as well as specific careers.

Members of the faculty in Philosophy and Religious Studies have verified that these outcomes are in line with the outcomes of the course as it is taught at peer institutions in the State System of Georgia.

These course-specific learning outcomes contribute to the departmental learning outcomes of the Philosophy and Religious Studies Major by enabling students better to

1. To encourage an understanding of central issues, topics and philosophers in the history of philosophy, from the ancient to the modern periods.

2. To develop students’ abilities to think, write, and speak critically and logically.

3. To enable students to challenge their own ideas and to develop self-understanding in the context of a diverse range of ideas which inform contemporary controversies and social conflict.

4. To enable students to engage in independent philosophical research, and to be responsible for communicating their understanding of the issues researched and developed, including a working familiarity with current research methods.

5. To incorporate philosophical positions in oral and written communications.

6. To critically outline and analyze a philosophical question.

Required Text:

Readings in the Philosophy of Science : From Positivism to Postmodernism, Theodore Schick, Jr., Mayfield/MacGraw Hill Publishing Company 1999, 0767402774

Not required but good to have:

Copernican Questions, Keith Parsons, MacGraw Hill Publishing Company, 2005, 9780072850208

Be sure to do the reading before the class for which it is assigned. Please bring the relevant book(s) and/or article(s) with you to class, along with a designated notebook and some pens.

(In addition, Philosophy and Religious Studies faculty encourage you to use Andrea A. Lunsford, St. Martin’s Handbook, 5th ed. which was required in ENGL 1101 and 1102 courses. These books are available for purchase at the VSU Bookstore. The St. Martin’s Handbook is shelved under ENGL 1101 and 1102.)

How grades will be calculated:

A = 100 - 90% Class participation, attendance = 15%

B = 89 - 80% 1 Exam = 25%

C = 79 - 70% 2 Papers at 20% each = 40%

D = 69 - 60% 1 Presentation = 20%

F = 59 - 0% Total = 100%

Please note that I am not obligated to accept late work or to allow “make up” work after the date an assignment or exam or paper is completed by the other members of the class.

I also make no promises about extra credit items, although I will routinely announce events on campus that can result in some extra credit points for you.

Exams and Papers: The exam in our class will be a “short answer” written exam. Usually I ask six questions, and a complete answer should be no less than four complete sentences. These exams are “objective” in the sense that the answers can be directly related to class discussions and the textbook. Reading and participating in class are important for your exam grades. The papers involve more creative and independent thinking. The papers should be no less than eight pages long, double spaced, in a standard 12 point font like Times/ Times New Roman. Expect to use the text and cite it with a consistent citation scheme (refer to the St. Martin’s Handbook you use in your English classes). “Use direct quotes!” Don’t use plastic paper covers, just a staple is fine. The ability to write and edit well-constructed academic essays is an important skill that will come in handy throughout your college career and beyond. Again, these papers must be typed, double-spaced, in a standard 12-point font (e.g., Times) with one-inch margins at the top and bottom of each page and 1.25-inch margins on either side (the default settings in Microsoft Word). More specific topics are given out as we do the readings, and I always mention things that would make a good paper topic during our class meetings and discussions.

http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/papers4800.htm

Here are some extra links, if you would like to use outside sources and secondary source material:

http://books.valdosta.edu/gal1.html (click on “Full Text Journal Title List”) and

http://www.valdosta.edu/library/learn/guides/philosophy.shtml

The direct link for the database (Academic Search Complete)

http://www.galileo.usg.edu/express?link=zbac (Click on Academic Search Complete to open the first page with the search box.)

Attendance Policy: I do care that you attend class regularly. As you know, VSU policy is that missing 20% of class meetings results in an automatic grade of “F”. Faculty can also institute added attendance policies in their syllabi. Our class will have a 10% rule for absences. You can miss up to 10% of the class meetings with no grade penalty. 10% of our 30 class meetings is 3. On absence number 4, your final grade for the course will be reduced by one whole letter grade; on absence number 5, your final grade for the course will be reduced by two whole letter grades; on absence number 6, you will automatically fail the course. Be considerate of your fellow students – don’t be late, and don’t leave your cell phones and pagers on. Note that if you are regularly late to class, or leave class early, I will begin to count each as an absence. Please note that this policy makes no distinction between excused and unexcused absences.

Special Needs:

Students requiring classroom accommodations or modification because of a documented disability should discuss this need with me at the beginning of the semester. If you are such a student, but you are not registered with the Access Office, you should contact them too. Students requesting classroom accommodations or modifications because of a documented disability must contact the Access Office for Students with Disabilities located in room 1115 Nevins Hall. The phone numbers are 229-245-2498 (voice) and 229-219-1348 (tty).

Participate!

Once you arrive at class, make an effort to get involved in the conversation. Don’t hesitate to ask questions if you need clarification or would like more information: if you are confused, it is likely that others are too! The participation percentage you receive will depend on a variety of factors, including (but not limited to) the frequency and helpfulness of your contributions to class discussions and the care you take when peer editing.

Pop Reading Quizzes:

If I notice that there are many students who are not keeping up with the reading and/or participating in class, I may periodically administer reading quizzes in class. These will not be announced in advance. No “make-up” quizzes will be given, and a missed quiz will result in a grade of zero. These quizzes are a solid reward for attending class, participating, and keeping up with the readings.

Online Discussions:

During certain weeks of the semester, you also will be expected to participate regularly in on-line discussions using WebCT Vista. Use this opportunity to comment on the week’s readings, ask questions, raise objections, and respond to what others have written or said in class.

To use Vista, you will need access to a computer with an internet connection. Your computer and its software will also need to meet certain technical specifications. You are solely responsible for all technical matters. Although you do not need to be on campus in order to access Vista, it is worth remembering that computer labs are available at VSU. For technical help, please contact the VSU Help Desk (located in Odum Library, to the left of the Circulation Desk) at 229-245-4357 or by e-mail at helpdesk@valdosta.edu

To log in to Vista and the course “shell,” go to the VSU homepage and click on the words WebCT Vista in the upper right-hand corner. Your username and password are the same as for your BlazeNet e-mail account. For instructions on getting started, go to: http://www.valdosta.edu/vista and the help pages at http://www.valdosta.edu/vista/guides/start/index.shtml

When posting in an online bulletin board, like those in the Discussion area of WebCT Vista, you must (1) post at least one original message of your own, (2) read all the messages posted by others, and (3) respond substantively to at least one message from another student. Your postings are due the same day as the readings are listed in the schedule below (i.e., no later than 11:59 p.m. on the relevant dates.)

Your first message on a given topic should be about 200 words in length. That is roughly the length of two medium-sized paragraphs (e.g., this one and the next). Your second (response) posting can be about half that length, but it should be substantive (i.e., involving serious content). Try not to simply repeat what others have said already. Additional postings can be as long or as short as you desire. Be sure to give the first message an interesting title in the “Subject” line. This will help alert the rest of us as to what it will be about.

When you are ready to respond to someone else, do so by opening their message and hitting the “Reply” button. This will create a “thread” that others can add on to. Keep in mind that although it is fine to disagree with what someone else has said, it is important to do so in a way that is polite and constructive. If someone says something that makes you angry, pause and take a breath before firing off a reply! You can preview your message before you send it, but once you have hit “Post,” your message will no longer be editable.

Vista allows me to keep track of how many messages you have read and posted. I will monitor student activity and may from time to time add a message of my own.

Academic Honesty:

Members of the Valdosta State University faculty value honesty and integrity extremely highly and do not tolerate cheating of any kind. Anyone caught cheating will automatically fail the course. Cheating includes – but is not limited to – plagiarism, giving or receiving assistance on a quiz, having someone else do work on your behalf, doing work on someone else’s behalf, and working with a partner or in a group on an individual assignment. By enrolling in this course, you are in effect promising to maintain the bond of trust on which the professor-student relationship is based. In addition, VSU has a new Academic Honesty Policy. Here are links to the Academic Honesty Policies and Procedures, and the Report of Academic Dishonesty.

http://www.valdosta.edu/academic/AcademicHonestyPoliciesandProcedures.shtml

http://www.valdosta.edu/academic/documents/ReportofAcademicDishonesty.doc

E-Mail:

VSU policy mandates that all official communication by e-mail take place through VSU e-mail accounts or through the WebCT Vista Mail tool. Please check your VSU (@valdosta.edu) e-mail account regularly.

Note: This syllabus is not a legal contract; the content of this course is subject to revision by the professor.

	Schedule
8/18 M	Introduction to the class. http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/sciencelabs.htm (Each date in the class after this one assumes that you will have read that day’s assigned discussion reading before class.) What is Philosophy? Do Philosophy majors get jobs related to that major? Here are two pages to answer that: http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/Philosophymajorjobs.htm http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/jobsphilosophyprint.htm
8/20 W	Discussion of http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/philscistart.pdf http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/pscistart.htm
8/25 M	Discussion of Ayer, Popper, and Kuhn which are readings #1, 2, and 3. http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/philscinotes.htm
8/27 W	Discussion of modern challenges to the sanctity of science; Lakatos, Laudan, and Ruse readings 4, 5, 6
9/1 M	No Class, Labor Day
9/3 W	Discussion of the problem of induction; Hume and Hempel readings 7, 8
9/8 M	Discuss Scientific Method further; Popper, Duhem, Lipton readings 9, 10, 11
9/10 W	Discuss Deductive, Causal, and Pragmatic Models; Hempel, W. Salmon readings 12, 13
9/15 M	Special research night: everyone will be given a specific experiment to research and report back to the class on 9/17 in a short five-minute presentation. Some of these experiments will be given to you on slips of paper, others might come from another book that relates to our class, Parsons’ Coperican Questions. Our first reading was an example of how a text could describe one case in the history of science, explaining the models and images used. You can download it as a .pdf or view the pages as .jpg images, click on the images to view larger sizes: http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/philscistart.pdf http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/pscistart.htm Also start to post in the online WebCT Vista Discussion board for our class. Topics will be listed in the class, under the Discussion tool link. http://www.valdosta.edu/vista
9/17 W	Researched experiments discussed, Review for first exam http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/review1philosophyofscience.htm http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/review2philosophyofscience.htm
9/22 M	First Exam Today by WebCT Vista (Dr. James will be in Spain giving a paper at a conference.)
9/24 W	(Dr. James will be in Spain giving a paper at a conference. Class work will be discussion online in WebCT Vista.) Discuss the possibility of a Unity of Science; Readings by van Fraassen, Kitcher, and M. Salmon, 14,15,16
9/29 M	Discussion of Oppenheim/Putnam and Fodor readings 17, 18 Consider these examples in the history of technology as you get ready for the first paper: http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/techpics.htm
10/1 W	Challenges to the Unity of Science; Darden/Maull, Dupre, Reisch http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/philscinotes2.htm
10/6 M	The problem of observation; Carnap, Hesse, Hanson
10/8 W	Problem solving considering fallible human senses; Kuhn, Laudan, Latour/Woolgar, Cole; good sites to check: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationality-historicist/ http://ls.poly.edu/~jbain/philsci/philscistudyquestions.htm http://www.trinity.edu/cbrown/science/finalreviewS2005.html
10/13 M	No class, Fall Break
10/15 W	The issue of gender and science; Harding, Soble
	Science and non-traditional scientists; Sayers, Richards
10/20 M	First Paper Due, be ready to discuss papers in class
10/22 W	Further discussion of professional life as a scientist; Maxwell and van Fraassen
10/27 M	Discussion of the realism/antirealism debate; Churchland, Hacking Are you anticipating having a job interview? Here’s a document that might help! http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/jobsearch.pdf http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/jobsearch.doc
10/29 W	More realism/antirealism; Fine
11/3 M	Student Presentation Days Begin Phenomena, Interviewing, and Discovery; Brown Nazib Khan and Jesse Carter
11/5 W	Discuss Feyerabend Savanna Drago and Brandy Davis
11/10 M	Discuss Dawkins LaTanya Castillo and Patrice Ancrum
11/12 W	Science and Religion; McMullin, Atkins Jackson Dean, Tyler Thomas and Jessica Gilstrap
11/17 M	Science and Religion; Gardiner, Vandegrift Sims Turner, Joe Walden, Greg Bullows
11/19 W	Current debate in Biology/ Sociobiology; Gould, Caplan Michelle DeLoe, Bill Henderson
11/24 M	SECOND PAPER DUE in WebCT Vista. (Dr. James will be in Ireland giving a paper at a conference. Class work will be online in WebCT Vista with review for the final exam.) Current debate in Parapsychology; Thouless, Radner/Radner
11/26 W	No class, Thanksgiving Break
12/1 M	Special presentation day: group will do its own research into either medical ethics, or science and art Jeff Goodhand, Jake Daniels, Blake Herrick http://www.jstor.org/stable/1574993?&Search=yes&term=Art&term=science&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DArt%2BAND%2Bscience%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3DArt%2BAND%2Bethics%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=6&ttl=255427&returnArticleService=showArticle http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/francisbaconartnature.pdf
12/3 W	Special presentation day: group will do its own research into either medical ethics, or science and art Kristina LaPlant, Danielle Costello http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/medicalethics01.pdf http://teach.valdosta.edu/chjames/stemcellethics.pdf
12/8 M	Last official class day, review for final exam.

The last official class day for all Fall Semester classes is Monday 12/8.

FINAL EXAM:

For a class that normally meets at 2:00, our official exam time is Wednesday, December 10 at 12:30pm-2:30pm in the usual room.

If you are not sure about how the final exam times are assigned for your other courses, use this link, and check the Final Exam Schedule on page 3 of the Registrar’s Fall Guide document:

http://www.valdosta.edu/it/eas/sis/documents/Fall2008FinalExamSchedule.pdf

Special Pilot Project: Online Course Evaluations

This course is part of a pilot project this semester, testing a new online Student Opinion of Instruction (SOI) form. Student evaluations are extremely important in helping faculty members plan and revise their courses. Rather than completing these evaluations during class time, students will need to access evaluation forms via BANNER and complete them in a period from November 24-December 8, 2008 (the last class day). You will only complete evaluations online for the classes that are part of this pilot project; other classes may still require you to complete a scantron form in class. Please take the time to complete this important evaluation (or opt out of providing an evaluation) during the designated period. If you do not do so, you will not be able to access the grade for this class, scheduled to be posted on December 15, 2008.

The Administration has not yet set up the online forms, and Dr. James will update the class with instructions when they are available.

Tips for doing well in Philosophy classes, adapted from a handout by Robert Scott

1. Read text with a pencil, underline the important ideas and key concepts. Write down technical ideas, key terms, key distinctions between two terms, definitions, diagrams, etc. to help you remember them.

2. Write questions or reactions you have to the text in the margin of the book. Ask about these questions in class, and keep them in mind, since they may provide good points to make about that author in papers you will write for class.

3. Read ahead to see the ultimate objectives of the chapter and of the individual readings. Keep in mind the overall picture of the chapters given in the introductory sections to each chapter in the book.

4. Work with the new terminology frequently, and try to apply it to situations outside of class. I would recommend flash cards to help you memorize the meanings of new terms quickly.

5. For longer readings, be sure to review the reading as a whole after you have read it section-by-section. What was the main question the author wanted to address? What were the answers? What concepts were used to make the points?

6. When confronted with a difficult reading or question, break it down into parts, and into individual ideas. This will at least help to clarify the question, even if it might not give the answer. And for philosophy, clarifying the question is really half the battle!

7. Ponder an unsolved problem and return to it every so often to see if it will give. Inspiration may happen at an unexpected time, and the subconscious mind does work on problems even when we aren't consciously aware of it.

8. Begin work on all the class tasks early, and spread out your work over time so as to maximize your chances for comprehending the readings accurately, memorizing the information, and grappling with the questions for papers.

9. If you do need to meet with an instructor outside of class, be sure to have your questions for the instructor planned out ahead of time, to make the meeting as productive as possible.

10. Always think about the philosophical issues for yourself, rather than waiting to be told what to think or believe.

11. Study for all exams on a daily basis, for at least a week before the exam date. You will need to know who said what, from memory.

12. Try to anticipate the questions that will be asked on an examination beforehand. Questions may come from the readings or from lectures and class discussions, but in either case, certain terms and concepts will be emphasized more than others.

13. Listen carefully to different points of view, and actively respond (when you read, when you are in class, and when you write your philosophy papers)!

14. Philosophy involves skills, like learning to appreciate a good debate, learning to imagine the world differently than we assume it to be, and appreciating the world with a sense of wonder.

Richard Amesbury’s tips about writing in Philosophy and Religious Studies:

(1) A really great website for students about how to write academic papers is maintained by the Dartmouth Writing Program:

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~writing/materials/student/toc.shtml

In addition to lots of helpful general information, it has special pages on "Writing the Religion Paper" and "Writing the Philosophy Paper."

(2) A great website that explains the importance of critically evaluating web resources -- always a problem area for students – is maintained by Robert Harris:

http://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm

(3) A third thing I'm planning to do this semester is to require students to own a copy of the St. Martin's Handbook, Fifth Edition. This is the writing manual used in ENGL 1101 and 1102, which all VSU students are required to take. In other words, they should all already own a copy. It explains all the basics -- e.g., how to cite sources, etc. By requiring students to own a copy, I'm hoping to emphasize the continuity between their writing courses and the rest of their education, in the hope that they don't just sell the book back and forget the basics. Just a few ideas . . .

Dr. Richard Amesbury